🌈 Calorimetry Mind Map: Rainbow Visual Guide to Heat Energy Concepts

Rainbow Mind Map on Calorimetry

Heat Energy Basics

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• Heat energy: Energy transferred due to temperature difference
• Factors affecting heat absorbed/given out:
  • Mass of the substance
  • Temperature change
  • Nature of material (specific heat capacity)
• Units of heat energy: Joules (J), calories (cal)

Heat Capacity

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• Heat capacity (C'): Amount of heat required to raise temperature of a body by 1°C
• Formula: C' = Q/ΔT (Q = heat, ΔT = temp change)
• Specific heat capacity (c): Heat capacity per unit mass
• Formula: c = Q/(mΔT)
• Units: J/kg°C or J/g°C

Calorimeter & Principle

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• Calorimeter: Device to measure heat changes
• Principle of calorimetry: Heat lost = Heat gained
• Experimental determination of specific heat capacity:
  • Heat solid to known temperature
  • Transfer to calorimeter with water
  • Measure equilibrium temperature
  • Apply heat exchange equations

Water's High Specific Heat

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• Water has unusually high specific heat capacity (4186 J/kg°C)
• Natural consequences:
  • Moderates Earth's climate
  • Large bodies of water heat/cool slowly
  • Stabilizes temperatures in coastal areas
• Everyday uses:
  • Cooling in automobile radiators
  • Heating in hot water bottles
  • Cooking (water as heat reservoir)

Change of State

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• Phase changes occur at constant temperature
• Determination of melting point:
  • Heat solid slowly
  • Record temperature at which solid begins to melt
  • Continue heating until all solid melts
• Heating curve for water shows plateaus at phase changes

Latent Heat of Fusion

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• Latent heat of fusion (Lf): Heat required to change unit mass from solid to liquid
• Formula: Q = mLf
• Determination for ice:
  • Mix ice with water in calorimeter
  • Measure temperature changes
  • Apply calorimetry principle
• Natural consequences:
  • Slow melting of ice maintains cold temperatures
  • Acts as thermal buffer

Applications

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• General applications of high specific latent heat:
  • Refrigeration systems
  • Cooling packs for injuries
  • Preservation of food
  • Air conditioning systems
• Industrial processes requiring precise temperature control
• Meteorological phenomena (snow melting, etc.)